In the last year, the expansion of photovoltaics has reached a new record. Will this boom last longer?
Jürg Grossen: It still has to increase significantly, we have to expand two to three times faster than we have up to now. This is not an easy task. It needs the right funding instruments and incentives, then we can do it.
Which instruments are you thinking of?
Grossen: A mix of different measures. We must continue the one-time payment for new solar systems and see that there is enough money in the pot. Today, the extension is limited by the financial resources. We can prevent this by making the grid surcharge fund more flexible and allowing it to temporarily become indebted. And through a slight increase in the network surcharge – the statutory fee per kilowatt hour of electricity consumed.
In addition, we need incentives to further increase self-consumption of self-produced solar power. Today, under certain conditions, you can join forces within your neighborhood to use solar power together. We must expand these mergers. For example, to regional energy communities, which can also use the local distribution grid for a reduced grid fee. Last but not least, there needs to be a certain level of standardization in the purchase fees for solar power producers. Today in Switzerland, depending on the distribution network operator, there is a fee of between 3 and 20 centimes per kilowatt hour. This is difficult to explain.
All models for the Swiss energy mix 2050 now assume that photovoltaics will become the second pillar of energy supply alongside hydropower. Why has solar energy been given such weight?
Grossen: On the one hand, the prices for solar modules have fallen sharply and their performance has steadily improved. This makes the production of solar power cheaper. On the other hand, we have learned in recent years how much photovoltaics can contribute to the power supply. As an apprentice in the late 1980s, I installed solar systems on SAC huts. My boss at the time was convinced that PV systems could never be operated profitably on the grid. He died believing that. In our business, we only started planning PV projects again in the last 15 years, and over time we have seen that a huge contribution can be made – especially in combination with e-mobility. In addition, the PV electricity is produced exactly where it is needed, in the building.
In the future, Switzerland will primarily lack winter electricity. With which concepts can photovoltaics make a greater contribution to closing this gap?
We achieve the main share with systems on buildings in the mountain regions and in the Mittelland. The systems already supply 30 percent of the electricity in winter, and even more can be achieved with better orientation and the use of facades and balconies. In the mountains, the yield is twice as high in winter, but the costs are much higher for systems outside of residential areas. Therefore, one should primarily use the existing infrastructure – for example dams, cable car stations or hotels.
We will have far too much solar power in summer in the future. We have to convert it into synthetic gases or fuels.
And turn it back into electricity in winter?
Yes, sensibly in combined heat and power plants, where heat is also generated in winter. With a pure conversion back to electricity, the energy loss is very high. Some of it will also be used as hydrogen, which will reduce losses. For example in trucks or construction machinery.
You said that we need to expand two or three times faster. It is already difficult to find solar technicians today. How do we recruit the necessary skilled workers?
With Swissolar, we will start a program that will make it easier for career changers to enter this professional field. Because there will be industries that will need far fewer staff in the future, such as car garages, gas stations or the oil heating industry. It would be great if we could recruit these specialists for solar expansion. In addition, we want to establish training with a federal certificate of proficiency, so that training is possible straight from school.
The shortage of skilled workers is a major challenge. But we can also become even better as an industry. The assembly of solar systems must become more “industrial”. For the homeowner, it should not make a significant difference whether they have a roof built with or without solar modules.
The energy policy discussions in recent months have revolved primarily around security of supply and impending gaps. How do you assess the situation?
I am very glad that this discussion is finally coming to light. Because it is important and justified. The panic that some are spreading is unjustified. We will not be able to solve the problems with new nuclear power plants. In addition to building up a storage reserve for the winter, we have to start with the demand side in particular. Studies say that in the worst case, there could be a power cut for around fifty hours a year. There are enough consumers who would be willing to reduce their electricity consumption for a short period of time if they were compensated for it. So it's not just about additional production, but also about intelligent power consumption. In the future, electric cars will also be able to play a major role here. Because we will not only charge batteries, we will also be able to use them flexibly as storage. This is still not given enough consideration in the whole discussion on security of supply.
Many were very surprised at how quickly e-mobility has grown over the past two years. You are an electric car driver from the very beginning. Also surprised?
Not at all. But pleased and relieved. I bought an electric car in 2010 and saw how many kilometers I could drive with just a few PV modules. That was awesome. And the cars have gotten a lot better since then. Today, comfort in e-cars is better than in combustion-powered cars. We owe that to Elon Musk, who showed the industry how it can be done with Tesla.
What developments do you expect in the field of batteries?
I have become cautious with such forecasts. When it comes to PV modules and computer chips over the last few decades, we've always heard: it can't get any better or smaller. And we were repeatedly taught better by technological developments. That's why I don't see any hard limits as a matter of principle. Energy density and weight will be much better and electric cars will be cheaper than combustion engines in a few years.
One more thing is important to me. In the future, we will have to use the batteries more than once: ten years in the car, at least ten years in the building and only then for recycling. We don't need new batteries from the factory in the buildings or the district storage facilities, but can rely on batteries that have been discarded from the e-vehicles.
In your scenarios, you assume a significant improvement in energy efficiency. This topic has receded somewhat into the background in recent years. Do we need another awareness-raising campaign like the one we did when Federal Councilor Adolf Ogi demonstrated how we could cook eggs while saving energy? Or does technology solve all problems?
It's certainly not wrong to keep reminding people to use energy efficiently, but it's not primarily about making sacrifices. I still cook my breakfast egg according to the Ogi principle. That was a great idea. However, one must not forget that a great deal has happened in the field of energy efficiency. Today we need significantly less energy per capita. Consumption has become decoupled from population and economic growth. Total energy consumption has also fallen significantly in the last ten years and is now lower than it was in 1990. In addition, the energy efficiency of electronic devices has improved by 30 to 60 percent. And the end of the road has not yet been reached. The currently higher energy prices will certainly also help to make energy efficiency even more attractive.
